Block-based adaptive resolution management

ABSTRACT

A method includes receiving a reference frame, determining, for a current block, a scaling constant; scaling a block of the reference frame according to the scaling constant, the block of the reference frame corresponding to the current block, and reconstructing pixel data of the current block and using the scaled block of the reference frame. Related apparatus, systems, techniques and articles are also described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of International Application No. PCT/US20/45151, filed on Aug. 6, 2020 and entitled “BLOCK-BASED ADAPTIVE RESOLUTION MANAGEMENT,” which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/883,407, filed on Aug. 6, 2019, and titled “BLOCK-BASED ADAPTIVE RESOLUTION MANAGEMENT.” Each of International Application No. PCT/US20/45151 and Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/883,407 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to the field of video compression. In particular, the present invention is directed to block-based adaptive resolution management.

BACKGROUND

A video codec can include an electronic circuit or software that compresses or decompresses digital video. It can convert uncompressed video to a compressed format or vice versa. In the context of video compression, a device that compresses video (and/or performs some function thereof) can typically be called an encoder, and a device that decompresses video (and/or performs some function thereof) can be called a decoder.

A format of the compressed data can conform to a standard video compression specification. The compression can be lossy in that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this can include that decompressed video can have lower quality than the original uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.

There can be complex relationships between the video quality, the amount of data used to represent the video (e.g., determined by the bit rate), the complexity of the encoding and decoding algorithms, sensitivity to data losses and errors, ease of editing, random access, end-to-end delay (e.g., latency), and the like.

Motion compensation can include an approach to predict a video frame or a portion thereof given a reference frame, such as previous and/or future frames, by accounting for motion of the camera and/or objects in the video. It can be employed in the encoding and decoding of video data for video compression, for example in the encoding and decoding using the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG)'s advanced video coding (AVC) standard (also referred to as H.264). Motion compensation can describe a picture in terms of the transformation of a reference picture to the current picture. The reference picture can be previous in time when compared to the current picture, from the future when compared to the current picture. When images can be accurately synthesized from previously transmitted and/or stored images, compression efficiency can be improved.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In an aspect, a decoder, includes configured to receive a reference frame, determine, for a current block, a scaling constant, scale a block of the reference frame according to the scaling constant, the block of the reference frame corresponding to the current block, and reconstruct pixel data of the current block using the scaled block of the reference frame.

In another aspect, a method includes receiving a reference frame, determining, for a current block, a scaling constant, scaling a block of the reference frame according to the scaling constant, the block of the reference frame corresponding to the current block, and reconstructing pixel data of the current block and using the scaled block of the reference frame.

These and other aspects and features of non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific non-limiting embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For the purpose of illustrating the invention, the drawings show aspects of one or more embodiments of the invention. However, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an example reference frame and example predicted frames of various resolution scales;

FIG. 2 is an illustration depicting an example reference frame, an example rescaled reference frame, and an example subsequent block prediction process;

FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram illustrating an example process according to some implementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 4 is a system block diagram illustrating an example decoder capable of decoding a bit stream according to some implementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram illustrating an example process of encoding a video according to some implementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 6 is a system block diagram illustrating an example video encoder according to some implementations of the current subject matter; and

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a computing system that can be used to implement any one or more of the methodologies disclosed herein and any one or more portions thereof.

The drawings are not necessarily to scale and may be illustrated by phantom lines, diagrammatic representations and fragmentary views. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the embodiments or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In many current state-of-the-art encoders, resolution is managed by re-coding and re-sending whole portion of the video known as group-of-pictures (GOP). This requires sending the intra-frame (I-frame) which can incur additional costs, since those frames are responsible for the bulk of the bits in the GOP.

Embodiments described in this disclosure relate to Adaptive Resolution Management (ARM), which is a technique that enables additional flexibility for a video encoder/decoder allowing bitrate savings in various use cases. In general, ARM includes performing a prediction using a reference frame of different resolution than a current frame. In current coding standards, reference frames have the same resolution as predicted frames. In ARM, a reference frame may be of a smaller or larger resolution than a frame being predicted. This approach may be used to downscale video resolution, thus reducing bitrate, or upscale video resolution, thus facilitating display characteristics of video playback.

ARM may alternatively or equivalently be referred to for the purposes of this disclosure as reference picture resampling (RPR); RPR and ARM may be used interchangeably.

Some implementations of the current subject matter may include using ARM for any number of frames, at any position within GOP, thus removing requirements for I-frame re-coding.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a reference frame and predicted frames of various resolution scales. Frame 1 is smaller (lower resolution) than the reference frame, Frame 2 is of same size (same resolution), while Frame 3 is larger (greater resolution). “Resolution,” as used in this disclosure, is a number of pixels in a picture, frame, sub-frame, and/or other displayed area or portion thereof used in video playback, compression, or the like, with a higher number of pixels corresponding to a higher resolution, and a lower number of pixels corresponding to a lower resolution. Resolution may be measured in terms of area, for instance and without limitation by using one or more dimensions of length, measured in pixels that define an area. For instance, a circular sub-frame or other region may have a resolution defined according to a radius. Alternatively or additionally, resolution may be defined by an overall number of pixels.

As an example, and with continued reference to FIG. 1, where reference frame and/or subframe has a geometric form for which area may be defined entirely in terms of two length parameters, such as without limitation a triangular, parallelogram, and/or rectangular form, reference frame and/or subframe may have a resolution W×H, where W and H may indicate a number of pixels describing, respectively, width (or base) and height dimensions of reference frame and/or subframe. Each predicted frame may also have a resolution, which may be determined similarly to resolution of reference frame; for instance, frame 1 may have a smaller resolution WS×HS, frame 2 may have same resolution as reference frame W×H, and frame 3 may have larger resolution WL×HL. Width and height of smaller and larger frames may be obtained by multiplying reference width and height by an arbitrary rescaling constant (Rc), which may alternatively or additionally be referred to as a scaling constant and/or a variable name such as RefPicScale, also referred to as a scaling factor and/or constant. In case of smaller frames, Rc may have a value between 0 and 1. In case of larger frames, Rc may have a value greater than 1; for instance, Rc may have a value between 1 and 4. Other values are possible. Rescaling constant may be different for one resolution dimension than another; for instance, a rescaling constant Rch may be used to rescale height, while another rescaling constant Rcw may be used to rescale width.

Still referring to FIG. 1, ARM may be implemented as a mode. In case of ARM mode activation at some point during decoding, a decoder may have already received a reference frame at a resolution W×H and may rescale a predicted frame using rescaling constant. In some implementations, an encoder may signal to decoder which rescaling constant to use. Signaling may be performed in a sequence parameter set (SPS) corresponding to a GOP containing current picture and/or in a picture parameter set (PPS) corresponding to current picture. For instance, and without limitation, encoder may signal rescaled parameters using fields such as a pps_pic_width_in_luma_samples, pps_pic_height_in_luma_samples, pps_scaling_win_left_offset, pps_scaling_win_right_offset, pp_s_scaling_win_top_offset, pps_scaling_win_bottom_offset, and/or sps_num_subpics_minus1.

Further referring to FIG. 1, W and H parameters as described above may be represented, without limitation, using variables CurrPicScalWinWidthL and CurrPicScalWinHeightL, respectively; these variables may be derived from signaled parameters as described above using one or more mathematical relationships between the signaled parameters and the variables. For instance, and without limitation, CurrPicScalWinWidthL may be derived according to the following equation:

CurrPicScalWinWidthL=pps_pic_width_in_luma_samples−SubWidthC*(pps_scaling_win_right_offset+pps_scaling_win_left_offset)

As a further non-limiting example, CurrPicScalWinHeightL may be derived according to the following equation:

CurrPicScalWinWidthL=pps_pic_width_in_luma_samples−SubWidthC*(pps_scaling_win_right_offset+pps_scaling_win_left_offset)

Persons skilled in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be aware of various alternative computations that may be used to derive the above-described variables. Encoder may alternatively or additionally signal one or more such variables, Rc, Rch, and/or Rcw directly for instance and without limitation in a PPS and/or SPS.

Alternatively or additionally, and still referring to FIG. 1, a rescaling constant and/or set of rescaling constants as described above may be signaled in a bitstream using a reference to an index of a stored scaling constant and/or constants, and/or of a frame and/or block that was signaled using a previously signaled and/or utilized scaling constant and/or constants. Reference to index of a stored scaling constant may be signaled explicitly and/or determined from one or more additional parameters signaled in bitstream. For instance, and without limitation, decoder may identify a reference frame and/or group of pictures containing a current frame; where a rescaling constant has previously been signaled and/or used in such a group of pictures, with a reference frame signaled as applicable to current frame and/or current group of pictures, or the like, decoder may identify that rescaling constant for use as a rescaling constant with the current frame.

In some implementations, and with continued reference to FIG. 1, ARM operation may be executed on a block level of encoded frames. For example, a reference frame may first be rescaled and subsequently prediction may be performed, as depicted in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is an illustration depicting a reference frame, a rescaled reference frame, and a subsequent block prediction process. Block prediction process may be performed on a scaled reference frame (having a scaled resolution) rather than the original reference frame. Rescaling reference frame may include rescaling according to any parameter signaled by an encoder as described above; for instance and without limitation, where a reference frame to be used with current picture is signaled, such as via a reference to an index value associated with reference frame or the like, the signaled reference frame may be rescaled, prior to prediction, according to any method of rescaling described above. A rescaled reference frame may be stored in memory and/or in a buffer, which may include without limitation a buffer identifying frames contained therein by indices, according to which frame retrieval may be performed; buffer may include a decoded picture buffer (DCB) and/or one or more additional buffers implemented by decoder. Prediction process may include, for example, inter picture prediction including motion compensation.

Some implementations of block-based ARM may enable flexibility in applying optimal filters for each block, instead of applying same filter for a whole frame. In some implementations, a skip-ARM mode may be possible such that some blocks (based for example on the uniformity of the pixels and bitrate cost) can be in a skip-ARM mode (such that rescaling would not change the bitrate). Skip-ARM mode may be signaled in a bitstream; for instance, and without limitation, skip-ARM mode may be signaled in a PPS parameter. Alternatively or additionally, decoder may determine that skip-ARM mode is active based on one or more parameters set by decoder and/or signaled in bitstream. Spatial filters used in block-based ARM may include, without limitation, bicubic spatial filters that apply bicubic interpolation, bilinear spatial filters that apply bi-linear interpretation, Lanczos filters that use Lanczos filtering and/or Lanczos resampling using combinations of sine filters, sine-function interpolation and/or signal reconstruction techniques, or the like; persons skilled in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be aware of various filters that may be used for interpolation consistently with this disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a process 300 of to block-based adaptive resolution management that may enable additional flexibility for a video encoder/decoder allowing bitrate savings in various use cases.

At step 305, and still referring to FIG. 3, a reference frame is received. Reference frame may be received (e.g., accessed from) memory; for instance, and without limitation, reference frame may be accessed from a frame buffer. Reference frame may have been previously decoded from a bit stream. Bit stream may have been received by a decoder. Bit stream may include a current block. Current block may be contained within a bit stream that the decoder receives. Bit stream may include, for example, data found in a stream of bits that is an input to a decoder, as described in further detail below, when using data compression. Bit stream may include information necessary to decode a video. Receiving may include extracting and/or parsing a block and associated signaling information from bit stream. In some implementations, current block may include a slice, a tile, coding tree unit (CTU), a coding unit (CU), a prediction unit (PU) and/or any other portion of a frame and/or picture.

At step 310, and with continued reference to FIG. 3, a scaling constant may be determined for a current block. In some implementations, scaling constant may be determined from bit stream. For example, scaling constant may be signaled within bit stream such as directly and/or the bit stream may include an index to a predetermined scaling constant.

At step 315, and still referring to FIG. 3, a block of reference frame may be scaled according to scaling constant. Block of reference frame may correspond to a current block. scaling block of reference frame may include interpolating pixel values to determine pixel values for a scaled block. In some implementations, interpolating pixel values may be performed using sub-pixel prediction interpolation filters. Interpolation filters may include, as a non-limiting example, a low-pass filter, which may be used, without limitation, by way of an up-sampling process whereby pixels between pixels of block and/or frame previous to scaling may be initialized to zero, and then populated with an output of the low-pass filter. Alternatively or additionally, any luma sample interpolation filtering process may be used. Luma sample interpolation may include computation of an interpolated value at a half-sample interpolation filter index, falling between two consecutive sample values of a non-scaled sample array. Computation of interpolated value may be performed, without limitation, by retrieval of coefficients and/or weights from lookup tables; selection of lookup tables may be performed as a function of motion models of coding units and/or scaling ratio amounts, for instance as determined using scaling constants as described above. Computation may include, without limitation, performing weighted sums of adjacent pixel and/or luma values, where weights are retrieved from lookup tables. Computed values may alternatively or additionally be shifted; for instance, and without limitation, values may be shifted by Min(4, BitDepth−8), 6, Max(2, 14−BitDepth), or the like. Persons skilled in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be aware of various alternative or additional implementations that may be used for interpolation filters.

At step 320, and further referring to FIG. 3, pixel data of current block may be reconstructed using a scaled block of reference frame. Reconstructing pixel data may include processing a current block with an inter-prediction mode, which may include determining a current block by at least combining a predicted block with a residual. Predicted block may be determined using a scaled block of reference frame.

In some implementations, a plurality of blocks may be processed according to an adaptive resolution management mode. Processing may include applying a first filter to a first current block of plurality of current blocks and applying a second filter to a second current block of the plurality of current blocks. Plurality of blocks may form part of a frame. A decoder may use a predefined, ordered list of filters by default; an encoder may calculate an optimal filter for a given frame and/or portion thereof and signal the optimal filter to a decoder.

In some implementations, a bit stream may include a field characterizing a skip-adaptive-resolution-management mode.

FIG. 4 is a system block diagram illustrating an example decoder 400 capable of block-based adaptive resolution management. Decoder 400 may include an entropy decoder processor 404, an inverse quantization and inverse transformation processor 408, a deblocking filter 412, a frame buffer 416, a motion compensation processor 420 and/or an intra prediction processor 424.

In operation, and still referring to FIG. 4, bit stream 428 may be received by decoder 400 and input to entropy decoder processor 404, which may entropy decode portions of bit stream into quantized coefficients. Quantized coefficients may be provided to inverse quantization and inverse transformation processor 408, which may perform inverse quantization and inverse transformation to create a residual signal, which may be added to an output of motion compensation processor 420 or intra prediction processor 424 according to a processing mode. An output of the motion compensation processor 420 and intra prediction processor 424 may include a block prediction based on a previously decoded block. A sum of prediction and residual may be processed by deblocking filter 412 and stored in a frame buffer 416.

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process 500 of encoding a video according to block-based adaptive resolution management that may enable additional flexibility for a video encoder/decoder allowing bitrate savings in various use cases. At step 505, a video frame can undergo initial block segmentation, for example, using a tree-structured macro block partitioning scheme that may include partitioning a picture frame into CTUs and CUs.

At step 510, and still referring to FIG. 5, block-based adaptive resolution management may be performed, including resolution scaling of a frame or portion thereof.

At step 515, and with continued reference to FIG. 5, a block may be encoded and included in the bit stream. Encoding can include utilizing inter prediction and intra prediction modes, for example.

FIG. 6 is a system block diagram illustrating an example video encoder 600 capable of encoding a video with merge candidate reorder based on global motion vector. Example video encoder 600 may receive an input video 604, which may be initially segmented or dividing according to a processing scheme, such as a tree-structured macro block partitioning scheme (e.g., quad-tree plus binary tree). An example of a tree-structured macro block partitioning scheme may include partitioning a picture frame into large block elements called coding tree units (CTU). In some implementations, each CTU may be further partitioned one or more times into a number of sub-blocks called coding units (CU). A final result of this portioning may include a group of sub-blocks that may be called predictive units (PU). Transform units (TU) may also be utilized.

Still referring to FIG. 6, example video encoder 600 may include an intra prediction processor 608, a motion estimation/compensation processor 612, which may also be referred to as an inter prediction processor, capable of constructing a motion vector candidate list including adding a global motion vector candidate to the motion vector candidate list, a transform/quantization processor 616, an inverse quantization/inverse transform processor 620, an in-loop filter 624, a decoded picture buffer 628, and/or an entropy coding processor 632. Bit stream parameters may be input to the entropy coding processor 632 for inclusion in the output bit stream 636.

In operation, and with continued reference to FIG. 6, for each block of a frame of input video 604, whether to process block via intra picture prediction or using motion estimation/compensation may be determined. Block may be provided to intra prediction processor 608 or motion estimation/compensation processor 612. If block is to be processed via intra prediction, intra prediction processor 608 may perform processing to output a predictor. If block is to be processed via motion estimation/compensation, motion estimation/compensation processor 612 may perform processing including constructing a motion vector candidate list including adding a global motion vector candidate to the motion vector candidate list, if applicable.

Further referring to FIG. 6, a residual may be formed by subtracting a predictor from input video. Residual may be received by transform/quantization processor 616, which may perform transformation processing (e.g., discrete cosine transform (DCT)) to produce coefficients, which may be quantized. Quantized coefficients and any associated signaling information may be provided to entropy coding processor 632 for entropy encoding and inclusion in output bit stream 636. Entropy encoding processor 632 may support encoding of signaling information related to encoding a current block. In addition, quantized coefficients may be provided to inverse quantization/inverse transformation processor 620, which may reproduce pixels, which may be combined with a predictor and processed by in loop filter 624, an output of which may be stored in decoded picture buffer 628 for use by motion estimation/compensation processor 612 that is capable of constructing a motion vector candidate list including adding a global motion vector candidate to the motion vector candidate list.

With continued reference to FIG. 6, although a few variations have been described in detail above, other modifications or additions are possible. For example, in some implementations, current blocks may include any symmetric blocks (8×8, 16×16, 32×32, 64×64, 128×128, and the like) as well as any asymmetric block (8×4, 16×8, and the like).

In some implementations, and still referring to FIG. 6, a quadtree plus binary decision tree (QTBT) may be implemented. In QTBT, at a Coding Tree Unit level, partition parameters of QTBT may be dynamically derived to adapt to local characteristics without transmitting any overhead. Subsequently, at a Coding Unit level, a joint-classifier decision tree structure may eliminate unnecessary iterations and control the risk of false prediction. In some implementations, LTR frame block update mode may be available as an additional option available at every leaf node of QTBT.

In some implementations, and still referring to FIG. 6, additional syntax elements may be signaled at different hierarchy levels of bitstream. For example, a flag may be enabled for an entire sequence by including an enable flag coded in a Sequence Parameter Set (SPS). Further, a CTU flag may be coded at a coding tree unit (CTU) level.

Some embodiments may include non-transitory computer program products (i.e., physically embodied computer program products) that store instructions, which when executed by one or more data processors of one or more computing systems, cause at least one data processor to perform operations herein.

Embodiments disclosed herein include a decoder, the decoder including circuitry configured to receive a reference frame, determine, for a current block, a scaling constant, scale a block of the reference frame according to the scaling constant, the block of the reference frame corresponding to the current block, and reconstruct pixel data of the current block using the scaled block of the reference frame.

The decoder may be further configured to receive a bit stream and determine, from the bit stream, the scaling constant, wherein the scaling constant is signaled within the bit stream. The bit stream may include an index to a predetermined scaling constant. The decoder may be configured to receive the reference frame by accessing the reference frame from memory. The decoder may be configured to scale the block of the reference frame by interpolating pixel values. Interpolating the pixel values may be performed using sub-pixel prediction interpolation filters. Reconstructing the pixel data may include processing the current block with an inter-prediction mode, wherein reconstructing includes determining the current block by at least combining a predicted block with a residual, wherein the predicted block is determined using the scaled block of the reference frame. The decoder may be configured to receive a bit stream, wherein the bit stream includes a field characterizing a skip-adaptive-resolution-management mode. The decoder may be further configured to process, according to an adaptive resolution management mode, a plurality of blocks, wherein processing includes applying a first filter to a first current block of the plurality of current blocks and applying a second filter to a second current block of the plurality of current blocks, the plurality of blocks forming part of a frame. The decoder may include an entropy decoder processor configured to receive a bit stream and decode the bit stream into quantized coefficients, an inverse quantization and inverse transformation processor configured to process the quantized coefficients including performing an inverse discrete cosine, a deblocking filter, a frame buffer, and an intra prediction processor.

Embodiments disclosed herein may include a method. Method may include receiving a reference frame, determining, for a current block, a scaling constant, scaling a block of the reference frame according to the scaling constant, the block of the reference frame corresponding to the current block, and reconstructing pixel data of the current block and using the scaled block of the reference frame.

The method may additionally include receiving a bit stream and determining, from the bit stream, the scaling constant, wherein the scaling constant is signaled within the bit stream. The bit stream may include an index to a predetermined scaling constant. Receiving the reference frame may include accessing the reference frame from memory. Scaling the block of the reference frame may include interpolating pixel values. Interpolating the pixel values may be performed using sub-pixel prediction interpolation filters. Reconstructing the pixel data includes processing the current block with an inter-prediction mode, wherein the processing further includes determining the current block by at least combining a predicted block with a residual, wherein the predicted block is determined using the scaled block of the reference frame. The method may include receiving a bit stream, wherein the bit stream includes a field characterizing a skip-adaptive-resolution-management mode. The method may include processing, according to an adaptive resolution management mode, a plurality of blocks, wherein processing may include applying a first filter to a first current block of the plurality of current blocks and applying a second filter to a second current block of the plurality of current blocks, the plurality of blocks forming part of a frame. At least one of the receiving, the determining, the scaling, and the reconstructing may be performed by a decoder that includes an entropy decoder processor configured to receive a bit stream and decode the bit stream into quantized coefficients, an inverse quantization and inverse transformation processor configured to process the quantized coefficients including performing an inverse discrete cosine, a deblocking filter, a frame buffer, and an intra prediction processor.

It is to be noted that any one or more of the aspects and embodiments described herein may be conveniently implemented using digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof, as realized and/or implemented in one or more machines (e.g., one or more computing devices that are utilized as a user computing device for an electronic document, one or more server devices, such as a document server, etc.) programmed according to the teachings of the present specification, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the computer art. These various aspects or features may include implementation in one or more computer programs and/or software that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. Appropriate software coding may readily be prepared by skilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the software art. Aspects and implementations discussed above employing software and/or software modules may also include appropriate hardware for assisting in the implementation of the machine executable instructions of the software and/or software module.

Such software may be a computer program product that employs a machine-readable storage medium. A machine-readable storage medium may be any medium that is capable of storing and/or encoding a sequence of instructions for execution by a machine (e.g., a computing device) and that causes the machine to perform any one of the methodologies and/or embodiments described herein. Examples of a machine-readable storage medium include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk, an optical disc (e.g., CD, CD-R, DVD, DVD-R, etc.), a magneto-optical disk, a read-only memory “ROM” device, a random access memory “RAM” device, a magnetic card, an optical card, a solid-state memory device, an EPROM, an EEPROM, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), and/or any combinations thereof. A machine-readable medium, as used herein, is intended to include a single medium as well as a collection of physically separate media, such as, for example, a collection of compact discs or one or more hard disk drives in combination with a computer memory. As used herein, a machine-readable storage medium does not include transitory forms of signal transmission.

Such software may also include information (e.g., data) carried as a data signal on a data carrier, such as a carrier wave. For example, machine-executable information may be included as a data-carrying signal embodied in a data carrier in which the signal encodes a sequence of instruction, or portion thereof, for execution by a machine (e.g., a computing device) and any related information (e.g., data structures and data) that causes the machine to perform any one of the methodologies and/or embodiments described herein.

Examples of a computing device include, but are not limited to, an electronic book reading device, a computer workstation, a terminal computer, a server computer, a handheld device (e.g., a tablet computer, a smartphone, etc.), a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, any machine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specify an action to be taken by that machine, and any combinations thereof. In one example, a computing device may include and/or be included in a kiosk.

FIG. 7 shows a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of a computing device in the exemplary form of a computer system 700 within which a set of instructions for causing a control system to perform any one or more of the aspects and/or methodologies of the present disclosure may be executed. It is also contemplated that multiple computing devices may be utilized to implement a specially configured set of instructions for causing one or more of the devices to perform any one or more of the aspects and/or methodologies of the present disclosure. Computer system 700 includes a processor 704 and a memory 708 that communicate with each other, and with other components, via a bus 712. Bus 712 may include any of several types of bus structures including, but not limited to, a memory bus, a memory controller, a peripheral bus, a local bus, and any combinations thereof, using any of a variety of bus architectures.

Memory 708 may include various components (e.g., machine-readable media) including, but not limited to, a random-access memory component, a read only component, and any combinations thereof. In one example, a basic input/output system 716 (BIOS), including basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer system 700, such as during start-up, may be stored in memory 708. Memory 708 may also include (e.g., stored on one or more machine-readable media) instructions (e.g., software) 720 embodying any one or more of the aspects and/or methodologies of the present disclosure. In another example, memory 708 may further include any number of program modules including, but not limited to, an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, program data, and any combinations thereof.

Computer system 700 may also include a storage device 724. Examples of a storage device (e.g., storage device 724) include, but are not limited to, a hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, an optical disc drive in combination with an optical medium, a solid-state memory device, and any combinations thereof. Storage device 724 may be connected to bus 712 by an appropriate interface (not shown). Example interfaces include, but are not limited to, SCSI, advanced technology attachment (ATA), serial ATA, universal serial bus (USB), IEEE 1394 (FIREWIRE), and any combinations thereof. In one example, storage device 724 (or one or more components thereof) may be removably interfaced with computer system 700 (e.g., via an external port connector (not shown)). Particularly, storage device 724 and an associated machine-readable medium 728 may provide nonvolatile and/or volatile storage of machine-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and/or other data for computer system 700. In one example, software 720 may reside, completely or partially, within machine-readable medium 728. In another example, software 720 may reside, completely or partially, within processor 704.

Computer system 700 may also include an input device 732. In one example, a user of computer system 700 may enter commands and/or other information into computer system 700 via input device 732. Examples of an input device 732 include, but are not limited to, an alpha-numeric input device (e.g., a keyboard), a pointing device, a joystick, a gamepad, an audio input device (e.g., a microphone, a voice response system, etc.), a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse), a touchpad, an optical scanner, a video capture device (e.g., a still camera, a video camera), a touchscreen, and any combinations thereof. Input device 732 may be interfaced to bus 712 via any of a variety of interfaces (not shown) including, but not limited to, a serial interface, a parallel interface, a game port, a USB interface, a FIREWIRE interface, a direct interface to bus 712, and any combinations thereof. Input device 732 may include a touch screen interface that may be a part of or separate from display 736, discussed further below. Input device 732 may be utilized as a user selection device for selecting one or more graphical representations in a graphical interface as described above.

A user may also input commands and/or other information to computer system 700 via storage device 724 (e.g., a removable disk drive, a flash drive, etc.) and/or network interface device 740. A network interface device, such as network interface device 740, may be utilized for connecting computer system 700 to one or more of a variety of networks, such as network 744, and one or more remote devices 748 connected thereto. Examples of a network interface device include, but are not limited to, a network interface card (e.g., a mobile network interface card, a LAN card), a modem, and any combination thereof. Examples of a network include, but are not limited to, a wide area network (e.g., the Internet, an enterprise network), a local area network (e.g., a network associated with an office, a building, a campus or other relatively small geographic space), a telephone network, a data network associated with a telephone/voice provider (e.g., a mobile communications provider data and/or voice network), a direct connection between two computing devices, and any combinations thereof. A network, such as network 744, may employ a wired and/or a wireless mode of communication. In general, any network topology may be used. Information (e.g., data, software 720, etc.) may be communicated to and/or from computer system 700 via network interface device 740.

Computer system 700 may further include a video display adapter 752 for communicating a displayable image to a display device, such as display device 736. Examples of a display device include, but are not limited to, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT), a plasma display, a light emitting diode (LED) display, and any combinations thereof. Display adapter 752 and display device 736 may be utilized in combination with processor 704 to provide graphical representations of aspects of the present disclosure. In addition to a display device, computer system 700 may include one or more other peripheral output devices including, but not limited to, an audio speaker, a printer, and any combinations thereof. Such peripheral output devices may be connected to bus 712 via a peripheral interface 756. Examples of a peripheral interface include, but are not limited to, a serial port, a USB connection, a FIREWIRE connection, a parallel connection, and any combinations thereof.

The foregoing has been a detailed description of illustrative embodiments of the invention. Various modifications and additions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Features of each of the various embodiments described above may be combined with features of other described embodiments as appropriate in order to provide a multiplicity of feature combinations in associated new embodiments. Furthermore, while the foregoing describes a number of separate embodiments, what has been described herein is merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Additionally, although particular methods herein may be illustrated and/or described as being performed in a specific order, the ordering is highly variable within ordinary skill to achieve embodiments as disclosed herein. Accordingly, this description is meant to be taken only by way of example, and not to otherwise limit the scope of this invention.

In the descriptions above and in the claims, phrases such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list of elements or features. The term “and/or” may also occur in a list of two or more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitly contradicted by the context in which it is used, such a phrase is intended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any of the recited elements or features in combination with any of the other recited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at least one of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similar interpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items. For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more of A, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A and B and C together.” In addition, use of the term “based on,” above and in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that an unrecited feature or element is also permissible.

The subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems, apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desired configuration. The implementations set forth in the foregoing description do not represent all implementations consistent with the subject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examples consistent with aspects related to the described subject matter. Although a few variations have been described in detail above, other modifications or additions are possible. In particular, further features and/or variations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, the implementations described above can be directed to various combinations and sub-combinations of the disclosed features and/or combinations and sub-combinations of several further features disclosed above. In addition, the logic flows depicted in the accompanying figures and/or described herein do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. Other implementations may be within the scope of the following claims 

What is claimed is:
 1. A decoder, the decoder comprising circuitry configured to: receive a reference frame; determine, for a current block, a scaling constant; scale a block of the reference frame according to the scaling constant, the block of the reference frame corresponding to the current block; and reconstruct pixel data of the current block using the scaled block of the reference frame.
 2. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the decoder is further configured to: receive a bit stream; and determine, from the bit stream, the scaling constant, wherein the scaling constant is signaled within the bit stream.
 3. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the scaling constant further comprises a height scaling constant.
 4. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the scaling constant further comprises a width scaling constant.
 5. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the decoder is configured to scale the block of the reference frame by interpolating pixel values.
 6. The decoder of claim 5, wherein interpolating the pixel values is performed using a luma sample interpolation process.
 7. The decoder of claim 5, wherein interpolating the pixel values further comprises shifting a pixel value.
 8. The decoder of claim 1, wherein reconstructing the pixel data includes processing the current block with an inter-prediction mode, wherein reconstructing includes determining the current block by at least combining a predicted block with a residual, wherein the predicted block is determined using the scaled block of the reference frame.
 9. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the current block includes a coding unit.
 10. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the current block includes a coding tree unit.
 11. A method, the method comprising: receiving a reference frame; determining, for a current block, a scaling constant; scaling a block of the reference frame according to the scaling constant, the block of the reference frame corresponding to the current block; and reconstructing pixel data of the current block and using the scaled block of the reference frame.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the scaling constant further comprises a height scaling constant.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the scaling constant further comprises a width scaling constant.
 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: receiving a bit stream; and determining, from the bit stream, the scaling constant, wherein the scaling constant is signaled within the bit stream.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the scaling the block of the reference frame includes interpolating pixel values.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein interpolating the pixel values is performed using a luma sample interpolation process.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein interpolating the pixel values further comprises shifting a pixel value.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein reconstructing the pixel data includes processing the current block with an inter-prediction mode, wherein the processing further includes determining the current block by at least combining a predicted block with a residual, wherein the predicted block is determined using the scaled block of the reference frame.
 19. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the current block includes a coding unit.
 20. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the current block includes a coding tree unit. 